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发表于 2006-2-13 21:00:56
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RE:小书《信仰、仪式与乡土社会风水的历史人类学探索》出版,有兴趣者请扔钻头
提 要
本书继承了傅衣凌社会史学派的传统,尝试借助“人类学式的历史学”方法,将风水习俗视为中国乡土社会的一种文化系统和民众的生活方式,进而较系统地思考风水文化事象与近世乡土社会的认同、分类意识以及社会文化秩序整合的关联问题,并“再现”风水的知识与观念在长时段乡土变迁中所创造的文化图像和生活场景。作者亦将有关风水知识、观念和信仰的叙述置于中国思想史的大背景之中,反思神祕的风水文化与中国“连续性文明”的内在联系,以呈现近世以来乡土社会的宇宙观念、信仰和思想世界的实态相。除绪论和余论外,各章内容简介如下:
第一章:从福建地区移民的开发进程的社会大背景中,宏观考察风水信仰与近世以来的乡土社会历史发展的密切关系。在中国东南地区,风水观念、信仰具有鲜明的地域底色,与移居汉人聚居的习惯和注重神灵祭祀的传统具有亲缘关系。在走向“土著化”过程中,移居汉人借助风水观念、信仰,有效地改变了当地土著“尚巫机鬼”的原声音频,完成了“因土成俗”的意义转换,确立了在地意识或诸野意识。随着聚居形态的发展和人地矛盾的加剧,乡族意识也得以在乡土社会中滋生、勃兴,从而加剧了有限的风水象征资本的争夺,并深刻地影响着地域的民间信仰形态。
第二章:描述两大风水流派在近世以来的乡土社会的地域扩展进程中相抗而又兼容的总体态势,从中呈现风水在区域信仰情态中的文化意义。该部分结合社会史和数术史,尝试对两大流派的观念系谱特质及人文意义进行现象学式的描述,反思两大流派如何在“信仰化”的实践中达成“在地化”的文化表述,从而构成一般意义上的风水知识和风水认知。本章也尝试“换位研究”,让民间风水专家与研究者进行“对话”,以把握风水专家在社会变迁中总体的文化态度和价值判断。风水流派意识在民间走向模糊化的趋势,也意味着中国的神灵与祭祀传统具有顽强的渗透力。
第三-四章:从构成近世以来的乡土社会文化网络之环的通书、灵签、安镇符咒、竖造及丧葬仪式、乩示文本等入手,细部地探寻普遍意义上的风水知识、观念的乡土社会记忆是何以可能的,即分析风水知识、观念如何借助相关的巫术-宗教仪式,逐步“深耕化”为一种民俗信仰,从而成为民众“生活世界”的一部分。各类与风水相关的仪式行为,是乡土社会文化变迁过程的聚态反映。风水知识、观念为乡土社会所承认、接受并转变为民俗信仰的过程,乃是一种价值转换及意义再生的过程。在传统礼教或祭祀观念“以家达乡”过程中,风水先生、择日师、礼生等充分扮演着“文化媒人”角色,甚至是第一媒介者。
第五章:分析了风水信仰与近世以来的乡土社会士绅阶层的文化空间构建的关系问题,特别是考察士绅之有意识的风水实践和风水表述,藉以省思风水知识、观念何以成为一种沟通精英与俗民、王朝(国家)与社会的文化桥梁,进而影响地方社会和经济变迁的方式。士绅阶层是一个积极追求“利益最大化”的文化群体,他们在将风水知识、观念内化为自身的信仰之际,也有意识地将之意识形态化,以使区域的公共或私人场域充盈着自身所赋予的意义与价值。“义”(理)字只是一种带有表演成分的集体表像,“利”(欲)字才真实地书写着士绅的灵魂。
第六章:借助契约文书及典型的家族个案,细部地剖析风水观念、信仰与近世以来的乡土社会的秩序整合和家族发展的关联问题。近世以来的乡土社会秩序的构建模式部分地受到了风水观念图式的制约和安排,从而在“破坏/整合”的向力之中维持其动态的平衡。风水观念、信仰为家族或房派及乡族势力的发展空间提供了一套圆融自足的文化解释机制。祖墓、祠堂风水的象征营造与“房/家族”的系谱模式和功能形态有着内在的关系。风水术本身的房分差别理论以及家族与房之间天然存在着的“凝聚/分裂”张力,塑造了祖墓或祠堂风水崇拜的“箭垛化”效应。
Abstract
Combining the tradition of socio-economic historical approach initiated by late Fu Yiling and the approach of anthropological history, this book interprets fengshui (风水, geomancy) as a kind of cultural system and folk life style of Chinese rural society, explores the relationship between fengshui customs, rural society’s identification and classification, and the problem of socio-cultural integration, and reveals cultural images and living scenes created by the knowledge, ideas and beliefs of fengshui in the evolution of rural society. It also attempts to locate the narration of the knowledge,ideas and beliefs of fengshui in the general context of Chinese intellectual history, reflecting upon the relationship between the mystic culture of fengshui and the continuity of Chinese civilization and presenting the virtual state of the peasant’s worldview, beliefs and thoughts. A brief summary of each chapter, except Introduction and Conclusion, is as follows:
In Chapter I, I examine the interaction between the fengshui belief and the history of the rural society against the background of Han Chinese’s immigration to and opening of Fujian region. In this remote region, the ideas and beliefs of fengshui are imbued with local cultural features and closely connected to Han Chinese’s settlement customs and their tradition of ancestral worship and popular cults. In the process of indigenization or localization, the Han immigrants, with the help of geomantic ideas and beliefs, transformed the indigenous belief of magic and spirits effectively, gave them new symbolic meanings, and created their own rites and new native, if marginal, sense. Following the development of settlement pattern and intensifying conflict between men and land, the idea of xiangzu (community/lineage) grew, which in turn led to the struggle over limited symbolic resource of fengshui and changes in the form of folk belief.
By focusing on the dissemination and transformation, from conflicting to compatible, of the two schools of fengshui since the Tang and Song dynasties, Chapter Ⅱ attempts to illustrate cultural meanings of fengshui in the context of popular belief. This chapter adopts a phenomenological approach and combines method of social history with that of the history of geomantic omen. It describes the idiosyncracy of idealistic pedigree and the humanistic meanings of the two schools, reflects upon how the two schools achieved localized cultural representation within the belief practice and thus constituted fengshui knowledge and fengshui recognition in general sense. The author also adopts the “method of position-changing,” letting folk fengshui specialists talk with researcher to understand their cultural attitude and value judgment in the process of social change. The fact that the orientations of the two schools tend to become ambiguous implies the penetrating power of Chinese tradition of popular cult and sacrifice.
In Chapter Ⅲ and Ⅳ, the author examines almanacs (通书), divine slips (灵签), juju (符咒), wishful messages and so forth, which played important roles in rural socio-cultural networks. This inquiry aims to show how the social memory of fengshui knowledge and ideas became possible, that is, how fengshui knowledge and ideas turned into popular belief and entered peasant life world by way of some correlative religious or mediumistic rituals. These behavioral rituals of fengshui are the accumulation of enduring cultural changes in the countryside. The dissemination of geomantic knowledge and ideas among the countryside since the Tang and Song dynasties has been a value-transforming and meaning-recycling process. Fengshui xianshen (masters of geomancy), zerishi (auspicious-day-pickers), and lisheng (masters of ceremonies) played the role of “culture matchmakers” in the process.
Chapter Ⅴ is mainly concerned with the relationship between the fengshui belief and the gentry’s construction of cultural space and their conscious practice and representation of fengshui in particular, so as to ponder over why the fengshui knowledge and ideas become a bridge between gentry and folk, states and society and thereby have their influence upon local society and economic changes. The gentry is one cultural group in pursuit of maximum profit. When they internalized fengshui knowledge and ideas, they also ideologized them. As a result, public or private space was filled with meaning and value they gave. Therefore, yi (义,righteousness) represents a kind of collective performance, whereas li (利,profit) is their true soul.
In Chapter Ⅵ, the author discusses the relationship between the fengshui belief and the integration of rural social order and the development of lineage since the Tang by examining contracts and typical lineages. The constitution of social order and the development of lineages has been affected by the fengshui cognitive scheme and thus keeps its own dynamic balance in the tension between disintegration and integration. Fengshui ideas or belief provide self-sufficient interpretation mechanism for the development of clans, lineages, and xiangzu organizations. The geomantic construction of grave or ancestral hall has inherent relation to the genealogical pattern and function of Chinese lineages. The effect of “target of identification” in the worship of grave or ancestral hall is a result of the crude tension between zu (族) and fang (房) on the one hand and between lineage and its branches on the other.
Key words:Fengshui (geomantic omen) belief, rural society, Fujian, |
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